![]() HG-induced apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was prevented by both RAR and RXR agonists. Decreased nuclear expression of RARα and RXRα, activation of apoptotic signaling and cell apoptosis was observed in HG treated neonatal and adult cardiomyocytes and diabetic hearts in ZDF rats. Using neonatal and adult cardiomyocytes, we determined the role of RAR and RXR in hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis and expression of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components. Activation of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) has an anti-diabetic effect but, a role in diabetic cardiomyopathy remains unclear. Diabetes mellitus is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and heart failure.
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